The St. Cecilia Society of Charleston was one
of the most ambitious of musical organizations in
Eighteenth Century America, and its active influence
extended far into the Nineteenth Century. Its orchestra
was formed partly of amateurs and partly of
professionals, the latter being engaged by the season.
The following advertisement, which appeared in the New
York, Philadelphia and Boston papers, is indicative of
the spirit of enterprise shown, and it must also have
had its influence on the musical life of these cities :
" Charleston, South Carolina, April 11, 1771.
" The St. Cecilia Society give notice that they will
engage with, and give suitable encouragement to
musicians properly qualified to perform at their
concerts, provided they apply on or before the first day
of October next. The performers they are in want of are,
a first and second violin, two haut-boys and a bassoon,
whom they are willing to agree with for one, two or
three years."
In 1792 this same society wrote to Major Thomas
Pinckney, then Minister to England, to buy and send out
for it " one grand pianoforte and twenty pounds' worth
of the best modern concert music." Josiah Quincy of
Boston visited Charleston in 1773 and attended a concert
given by the St. Cecilia Society. In writing of the
affair he states : " I was passed from servant to
servant and finally ushered in. The music was grand,
especially the bass viol and French horns.
He also adds that the " first violinist, a Frenchman,
played the best solo (he had) ever heard." Then he tells
that " the salary of this violinist was one hundred
guineas " per annum; that " most of the performers were
gentlemen amateurs." Then Mr. Quincy comments upon the "
richness of the dress of both ladies and gentlemen:"
that there were " two hundred and fifty ladies present
and it was called no great number;" that the " ladies in
taciturnity during the performance are greatly before
our (Boston) ladies."
In 1773 the orchestral force of the St. Cecilia Society
in its " Musical Festival," in which Gluck's overture, "
Iphigenie en Aulide " and Haydn's " Stabat Mater " were
rendered, was as follows : " One organ, twelve violins,
three basses, five tenors, six oboes, flutes and
clarinets, two horns, one bassoon, and two pair
kettledrums, in all thirty." This early orchestra of
thirty pieces, when measured by European standards of
the period, was of fair size. Even in Beethoven's time
the orchestra at Bonn numbered but twenty-two
instruments.
There were many French musicians resident in Charles-ton
at this period. There was " Citizen " Cornet, with his "
orchestra of French Music " — probably the pioneer of
the small orchestras devoted to social functions —
announcing to the people of Charleston by means of the
Gazette, that he had " established a Vaux Hall, after
the Parisian manner, in which there will be dancing on
Saturday." Then " Citizen "
Cornet announces that " the orchestra will attend at
American or French societies, if required."
http://www.tribalsmile.com/music/article_13.shtml
[See also Sonneck, 1907, p. 16ff]
The next reference to a public concert after 1760 I
found in the South Carolina Gazette for September
7-14, 1765 when Mr. Thomas Pike who had arrived in
Charleston in November of the previous year as
dancing, fencing and music master inserted this amusing
advertisement:
“On Wednesday the 25th instant, September, the Orange
Garden, in Trade Street, will be opened for the Night
only, when a Concert of Vocal and Instrumental Musick
will be performed by Gentlemen of the place, for the
entertainment of all lovers of harmony. Concerto
on the French Horn and Bassoon by Mr. Pike.
A subscription is opened for the
same, as none but subscribers will be admitted; nor will
any be taken at the door. The subscription is two
dollars for three tickets, to admit two ladies and a
gentleman. – Subscriptions are taken in and tickets
delivered by Thomas Pike, at the same place.
N.B. It is hoped no persons will be
so indiscreet as to attempt climbing over the fences to
the annoyance of the subscribers, as I give this public
notice that I will prosecute any person so offending, to
the utmost rigor of the law.
Thomas Pike”
A number of “unforeseen accidents” obliged Mr. Pike to
twice postpone his concert which “for the better
accomodation of the subscribers [was] moved from the
Orange Garden to the Theatre in Queenstreet” on Oct.
16th.[Note 1: South Carolina Gazette, Sept 28-Okt. 5,
1765. In August Mr. Pike advertised his desire to
instruct ladies and gentlemen "very expeditiously on
moderate terms in Orchesography (on the art of dancing
by characters and demonstrative figures”).] From
the program it would appear that Mr. Pike was assisted
by other soloists and an orchestra.
PROGRAM
Act I.
French Horn Concerto
2d Concerto of Stanley
Solo on the Violincello
5th Concerto of Stanley
Bassoon Concerto
Song
Overture in Scipio [Note 2: Probably from
Haendel’s opera]
Act II
French Horn Concerto
Concerto on the Harpsichord
Trio
Bassoon Concerto
Song
French Horn Concerto of Hasse. [Johann Adolph Hasse,
(1699, Bergedorph, near Hamburg; - 1783, Venice),
celebrated composer of many operas.]
[Oscar George Theodore Sonneck, Early Concert Life in
America, Breitkopf and Härtel, Leipzig, 1907, p15]
On Nov. 27, 1772 a concert of “Vocal and Instrumental
Music” took place at Pike’s New Assembly Room.
[Sonneck, 1907, p. 21, quoting South Carolina Gazette,
19 November, 1772]
“For the benefit of Mr. Humphreys on Wednesday the
31st of March instant [1773] the celebrated Mr. Saunders
will, for that night only, exhibit his highest dexterity
and grand deception, which have never yet been exhibited
in this province, in Mr. Stotherd’s Long Room behind the
Beef Market. Among a number of other surprising
performances, Mr. Saunders will let any number of ladies
or gentlemen think of as many cards as they please, and
the same will be found in a roasted leg of mutton, hot
from the fire, which will be placed on the table …
After Act I an air to the French
horn, by Mr. Humphreys.
After Act II Mr. Stotherd will play
the French Horn and guitar in concert.
After Act III a song by Mr.
Humphreys.
After Act IV a song by Mr. Stotherd.
The whole to conclude with a duette
by Mr. Humphreys and Mr. Stotherd on the guitar.
The doors will be opened at six
o’clock, and the performance will begin at seven.
No person to be admitted without a
ticket, which may be had at the place of performance,
and at the Coffee House. – Table seats one dollar each,
and others twenty shillings.
N.B. Mr. Saunders, after the
performance, will teach the spectators several amazing
tricks on cards, etc. gratis.
*** Mr. Humphreys will esteem it a
particular favour of those ladies and gentlemen, who
intend to favour him with their company, to apply some
time before his benefit night, in order that he may have
seats made proper for their reception.”
A similar performance followed on
April 29, during which Mr. Saunders had several new
tricks – up his sleeves. Mr. Stotherd announced as
his share in this joint benefit:
“After Act I
Mr. Stotherd will sing the Dust Last
– a favourite cantata, accompanied with the guitar.
Act the 2d
He will play the French Horn and
guitar in concert.
After the 3d.
A song by Mr. Humphreys
After the 4th.
The Lark Shrill Notes, accompanied
with the guitar by Mr. Stotherd.
The whole to conclude with a Hunting song called Away to
the fields – by Mr. Stotherd..
[Sonneck, 1907, p. 22]
Then from 1793 on to the end of the century, Charleston
enjoyed a surprisingly vigorous musical life.
During these years English opera flourished splendidly
and from 1794 on until about 1796 French and Italian
operas were introduced by a company of French comedians
who had managed to escape the terrorists in St. Domingo.
So that side by side with operas by Arne, Atwood, Shield
and others such as by Rousseau, Grétry, Cimarosa,
Paisiello were heard at Charleston. This influx of
French musicians exercised an influence also upon the
concert-life. Not alone did the singing members of the
companies generally participate in the concerts but the
French musicians together with those residing at
Charleston and those who belonged to the orchestra in
the English companies formed a phalanx sufficiently
large and capable to render the “full pieces” of the
current European concert repertory. Thus the revolutions
of France and St. Domingo contributed to laying the
foundation of our cosmopolitan musical life with all its
advantages and drawbacks.
[Sonneck, 1907, pp. 27-28]
[Charleston Concerts in 1793 and 1794 featured “Grand
overtures” by Haydn (“Heyden”) and Sinfonies of Pleyel
suggesting the presence of at least two horns. The
Pleyel sinfonia almost universally require two horns
although the parts are not at all virtuosic, usually
limited to the open harmonics of the middle register
(with an occasional 11th harmonic). The Sinfonie in G
has a brief run up to a written C’’’ (horn in G) and the
one in F-minor has the first horn crooked in Ab , not
always included in the standard cor d’orchestre
set. See Sonneck (1907) , pp. 29-30, for example
programs.]
For the year 1795 the data are somewhat more numerous
and interesting. The first was a “grand concert” given
by Mr. Jacobus Pick on March 26th at William’s Concert
Room with this program [note 1: City Gazette, March 26,
1795]:
Act 1st.
Overture composed by Girovetz
Song, by Mrs. Pick
Quartetto, - Pleyel
Concerto on the Clarinet, composed and performed by Mr.
Dubois [note 2 The advertisement reads “Mrs. Dubois”,
evidently a mistake.]
Song, by Mr. J. West
Rondo, - Pleyel
Act 2d.
Sinfonie, - Haydn
Song, by Mrs. Pick
Concerto on the Violin, by Master Duport, - La Motte
Song, by Mr. J. West
Sonate on the Pianoforte, by Mr. Eckhard, - Dussek
Duetto, by Mr. and Mrs Pick
Sinfonie, - Pleyel
[Sonneck, 1907, p. 30]
Benefit concert for Mr. J. West, 16 April 1795:
Act 1st.
Sinfonie, - Haydn
Song, Mrs. Pick
Quartetto, - Daveaux
Song, J. West
Sonata, grand pianoforte, Mrs. Sully
Song, Mad. Placide
Rondo, - Pleyel
Act 2d.
Sinfonia, -Guenin
Song, J. West
Concerto, Clarinetto, Mr. Dubois
Song, Mrs. Pick
Sonata, grand pianoforte, Mrs. Sully
Duetto, Mrs. Placide and J. West
Grand Sinfonie, - Pleyel
[Sonneck, 1907, p. 31]
Benefit concert for Mrs. Sully and Mrs. Pick at
Petersburg, Virginia, June 25, 1795
Part 1.
A Grand Sonata of Pleyel’s on the Piano Forte,
accompanied on the violin – By Mrs. Sully and Mr. Pick.
A Favourite Song, ‘Whither my love’ – By Mrs.
Pick.
A Favourite Scotch Reel, with variations – By Mrs.
Sully.
The Favourite Duett of ‘the Way worn traveller’ – By Mr.
and Mrs. Pick.
A Grand Sonata of Steibelt’s, to conclude wth the
favourite Air of ‘The Rose Tree’ with variations – by
Mrs. Sully.
The Marseilles Hymn, in English – By Mrs. Pick.
Part 2.
A Grand Sonata of Clementi’s on the Piano Forte,
accompanied on the violin – By Mrs. Sully and Mr. Pick..
A French Song – By Mr. Pick.
The Favourite Air of Lira Lira, with variations, from
the Surrender of Calais [note 1: Arnold], - By Mrs.
Sully.
An Italiand Duet, sung by Mrs. Sully and Mr. Pick.
The Favourite Air of Moggy Lauder, with variations on
the Piano Forte – By Mrs. Sully.
The Hunting Song of Tally Ho! – By Mr. Pick.
Sonata on the Italian Harmonica, with several known
airs.
To begin precisely at 7 o’clock. Tickets a 6 s. each …
It is safe to say that, whenever and wherever during the
last quarter of the eighteenth century concerts of any
importance were given in the small towns they generally
were due to the enterprise of he musical members of
theatrical companies just then performing at these
places.
[Sonneck, 1907, p. 59, quoting adv. from Virginia
Gazette and Petersburg Intelligencer.]
A concert at Richmond July 2, 1795 at the Eagle Tavern
by Mrs Sully and Mrs. Pick of the theatrical
company just then performing there and who
apparently formed a sort of travelling team in this
year. The program as announced in the Richmond and
Manchester Advertiser was the same as performed at
Petersburg on June 25th.
[Sonneck, 1907, p. 61]
On July 16th [1795 at Alexandria, Virginia], Mrs. Sully
and Mrs. Pick appeared in a concert the program of which
was the same as in their entertainment at Richmond on
July 2d and at Petersburg on June 25the, the fourth
number only in both acts being changed to a song by
Giordani, respectively the popular song ‘Cottage Maid’.
[Sonneck, 1907, p. 63]
A concert for the benefit of Messrs. Petit and Villars
on 21 March 1796 feactured a Concerto on the Hautboy, by
Mr. Graupner. .. At Charleston Gottlieb Graupner was a
member of the City Theatre orchestra.
[Sonneck, 1907, p.33]
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